Biochemistry (9th Edition) – Farrell/McDougal/Campbell

Table of contents

Table of contents :
Cover
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Ch 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
1-1 Basic Themes
1-2 Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry
1-3 The Beginnings of Biology
1-4 The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1-5 How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
1-6 Biochemical Energetics
Summary
Review Exercises
Futher Reading
Ch 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
2-1 Water and Polarity
2-2 Hydrogen Bonds
2-3 Acids, Bases, and pH
2-4 Titration Curves
2-5 Buffers
Summary
Review Exercises
Futher Reading
Ch 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
3-1 Amino Acids Are Three-Dimensional
3-2 Structures and Properties of Amino Acids
3-3 Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
3-4 The Peptide Bond
3-5 Small Peptides with Physiological Activity
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
4-1 Protein Structure and Function
4-2 Primary Structure of Proteins
4-3 Secondary Structure of Proteins
4-4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
4-5 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
4-6 Protein-Folding Dynamics
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques
5-1 Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells
5-2 Column Chromatography
5-3 Electrophoresis
5-4 Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein
5-5 Protein Detection Techniques
5-6 Proteomics
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes
6-1 Enzyme Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics
6-2 Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
6-3 Enzyme-Substrate Binding
6-4 The Michaelis-Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics
6-5 Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
6-6 Enzyme Inhibition
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 7: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control
7-1 The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes
7-2 The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes
7-3 Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation
7-4 Zymogens
7-5 The Nature of the Active Site
7-6 Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms
7-7 The Active Site and Transition States
7-8 Coenzymes
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 8: Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes
8-1 The Definition of a Lipid
8-2 The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
8-3 Biological Membranes
8-4 Membrane Proteins
8-5 The Functions of Membranes
8-6 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions
8-7 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information
9-1 Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
9-2 The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides
9-3 The Structure of DNA
9-4 Denaturation of DNA
9-5 The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures
9-6 Roles for RNA
9-7 RNA and Medical Applications
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication
10-1 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell
10-2 Replication of DNA
10-3 DNA Polymerase
10-4 Proteins Required for DNA Replication
10-5 Proofreading and Repair
10-6 DNA Recombination
10-7 Eukaryotic DNA Replication
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA
11-1 Overview of Transcription
11-2 Transcription in Prokaryotes
11-3 Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
11-4 Transcription in Eukaryotes
11-5 Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes
11-6 Noncoding RNAs
11-7 Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins
11-8 Posttranscriptional RNA Modifications
11-9 Ribozymes
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
12-1 Translating the Genetic Message
12-2 The Genetic Code
12-3 Amino Acid Activation
12-4 Prokaryotic Translation
12-5 Eukaryotic Translation
12-6 Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
12-7 Protein Degradation
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques
13-1 Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids
13-2 Restriction Endonucleases
13-3 Cloning
13-4 Genetic Engineering
13-5 DNA Libraries
13-6 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
13-7 DNA Fingerprinting
13-8 Sequencing DNA
13-9 Genomics and Proteomics
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology
14-1 Viruses
14-2 Retroviruses
14-3 The Immune System
14-4 Cancer
14-5 AIDS
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism
15-1 Standard States for Free-Energy Changes
15-2 A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications
15-3 The Nature of Metabolism
15-4 The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism
15-5 Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
15-6 Coupling of Production and Use of Energy
15-7 Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 16: Carbohydrates
16-1 Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry
16-2 Reactions of Monosaccharides
16-3 Some Important Oligosaccharides
16-4 Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides
16-5 Glycoproteins
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 17: Glycolysis
17-1 The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis
17-2 Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose to Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
17-3 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate
17-4 Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
17-5 Energy Production in Glycolysis
17-6 Control of Glycolysis
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 18: Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism
18-1 How Glycogen Is Degraded and Produced
18-2 Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate
18-3 Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
18-4 Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
19-1 The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism
19-2 The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle
19-3 How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA
19-4 The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
19-5 Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
19-6 The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway
19-7 The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism
19-8 The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
19-9 The Link to Oxygen
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
20-1 The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism
20-2 Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain
20-3 Organization of Electron Transport Complexes
20-4 The Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation
20-5 The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation
20-6 Shuttle Mechanisms
20-7 The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 21: Lipid Metabolism
21-1 Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy
21-2 Catabolism of Lipids
21-3 The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids
21-4 Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids
21-5 Ketone Bodies
21-6 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
21-7 Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids
21-8 Cholesterol Biosynthesis
21-9 Hormonal Control of Appetite
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 22: Photosynthesis
22-1 Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis
22-2 Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
22-3 Photosynthesis and ATP Production
22-4 Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen
22-5 Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2
22-6 CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen
23-1 Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview
23-2 Nitrogen Fixation
23-3 Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism
23-4 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
23-5 Essential Amino Acids
23-6 Amino Acid Catabolism
23-7 Purine Biosynthesis
23-8 Purine Catabolism
23-9 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
23-10 Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides
23-11 Conversion of dUDP to dTTP
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Ch 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling
24-1 Connections between Metabolic Pathways
24-2 Biochemistry and Nutrition
24-3 Hormones and Second Messengers
24-4 Hormones and the Control of Metabolism
24-5 Insulin and Its Effects
Summary
Review Exercises
Further Reading
Answers to Review Exercises
Index