Bioethics: Principles; Issues; and Cases (3rd Edition)

Table of contents

Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Title Page……Page 2
Copyright……Page 3
BRIEF CONTENTS……Page 4
CONTENTS……Page 6
SPECIAL FEATURES……Page 12
ANCILLARIES……Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 14
Part 1: Principles and Theories……Page 18
ETHICS AND BIOETHICS……Page 20
ETHICS AND THE MORAL LIFE……Page 22
IN DEPTH: MORALITY AND THE LAW……Page 24
MORAL PRINCIPLES IN BIOETHICS……Page 25
Autonomy……Page 26
Beneficence……Page 27
Utility……Page 28
Justice……Page 29
ETHICAL RELATIVISM……Page 30
IN DEPTH: ANTHROPOLOGY AND MORAL DIVERSITY……Page 31
ETHICS AND RELIGION……Page 34
Argument Fundamentals……Page 36
Patterns of Moral Arguments……Page 39
IN DEPTH: FALLACIES IN MORAL REASONING……Page 41
Evaluating Premises……Page 43
Assessing Whole Arguments……Page 45
SUMMARY……Page 46
ARGUMENT EXERCISES……Page 47
FURTHER READING……Page 49
NOTES……Page 50
THE NATURE OF MORAL THEORIES……Page 51
INFLUENTIAL MORAL THEORIES……Page 52
Utilitarianism……Page 53
Kantian Ethics……Page 55
Natural Law Theory……Page 57
Rawls’ Contract Theory……Page 59
Virtue Ethics……Page 60
The Ethics of Care……Page 61
IN DEPTH: CAN VIRTUE BE TAUGHT?……Page 62
Feminist Ethics……Page 63
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING MORAL THEORIES……Page 64
Utilitarianism……Page 66
Kant’s Theory……Page 67
SUMMARY……Page 68
FURTHER READING……Page 69
Utilitarianism: JOHN STUART MILL……Page 70
The Moral Law: IMMANUEL KANT……Page 73
Virtue and the Moral Life: BERNARD MAYO……Page 79
The Ethics of Care: VIRGINIA HELD……Page 82
Moral Saints: SUSAN WOLF……Page 87
Part 2: Medical Professional and Patient……Page 96
SHADES OF AUTONOMY AND PATERNALISM……Page 98
REFUSING TREATMENT……Page 99
IN DEPTH: THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH……Page 100
IN DEPTH: PHYSICIAN AUTONOMY……Page 101
FUTILE TREATMENT……Page 102
LEGAL BRIEF: Refusing Treatment for Childrenon Religious Grounds……Page 103
IN DEPTH: MORAL CONFLICTS IN NURSING……Page 104
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Elizabeth Bouvia……Page 105
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 106
SUMMARY……Page 107
NOTES……Page 110
Paternalism: GERALD DWORKIN……Page 111
The Refutation of Medical Paternalism: ALAN GOLDMAN……Page 121
Why Doctors Should Intervene: TERRENCE F. ACKERMAN……Page 127
Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine: ROBERT L. SCHWARTZ……Page 132
Patient Autonomy and Physician Responsibility: COMMENTARIES BY PATRICK C. BEEMAN AND RYAN C. VANWOERKOM……Page 137
Bouvia v. Superior Court: CALIFORNIA COURT OF APPEAL……Page 140
Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship: AMA COUNCIL ON ETHICAL AND JUDICIAL AFFAIRS……Page 144
In Defense of the Traditional Nurse: LISA H. NEWTON……Page 145
Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?: HELGA KUHSE……Page 153
PATERNALISM AND DECEPTION……Page 161
IN DEPTH: DO PATIENTS WANT THE TRUTH? DO PHYSICIANS TELL IT?……Page 162
CONFIDENTIAL TRUTHS……Page 164
LEGAL BRIEF: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn……Page 165
IN DEPTH: TRUTH-TELLING AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY……Page 166
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Carlos R…….Page 167
SUMMARY……Page 168
NOTES……Page 171
Telling the Truth to Patients:A Clinical Ethics Exploration: DAVID C. THOMASMA……Page 172
On Telling Patients the Truth: MACK LIPKIN……Page 176
Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients?: SHELLY K. SCHWARTZ……Page 178
Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth: SUSAN CULLEN AND MARGARET KLEIN……Page 181
Why Privacy Is Important: JAMES RACHELS……Page 189
Confidentiality in Medicine— A Decrepit Concept: MARK SIEGLER……Page 194
Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society: RUTH MACKLIN……Page 197
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California: SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA……Page 208
AUTONOMY AND CONSENT……Page 213
CONDITIONS OF INFORMED CONSENT……Page 214
IN DEPTH: DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY……Page 216
IN DEPTH: TWO VIEWS OF INFORMED CONSENT……Page 218
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 220
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Jerry Canterbury……Page 221
SUMMARY……Page 222
The Concept of Informed Consent: RUTH R. FADEN AND TOM L. BEAUCHAMP……Page 225
Informed Consent— Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?: JAY KATZ……Page 230
Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care: HOWARD BRODY……Page 240
Informed Consent: Some Challenges to the Universal Validity of the Western Model: ROBERT J. LEVINE……Page 246
Canterbury v. Spence: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS……Page 252
CHAPTER 6: Human Research……Page 256
THE SCIENCE OF CLINICAL TRIALS……Page 257
IN DEPTH: THE TUSKEGEE TRAGEDY……Page 258
BENEFICENCE, SCIENCE, AND PLACEBOS……Page 259
SCIENCE AND INFORMED CONSENT……Page 262
IN DEPTH: WOMEN IN CLINICAL TRIALS……Page 263
RESEARCH ON THE VULNERABLE……Page 264
IN DEPTH: WHY ENTER A CLINICAL TRIAL?……Page 265
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 268
SUMMARY……Page 269
CLASSIC CASE FILE: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study……Page 270
NOTES……Page 275
The Nuremberg Code……Page 276
Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects: WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION……Page 277
The Belmont Report: THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH……Page 280
Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS……Page 283
Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial: SAMUEL HELLMAN AND DEBORAH S. HELLMAN……Page 289
A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients: BENJAMIN FREEDMAN……Page 295
How to Resolve an Ethical Dilemma Concerning Randomized Clinical Trials: DON MARQUIS……Page 299
Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: ALLAN M. BRANDT……Page 302
The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World: MARCIA ANGELL……Page 314
Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries: BARUCH BRODY……Page 318
Part 3: Life and Death……Page 324
STARTING POINT: THE BASICS……Page 326
Fact File U. S. Abortions……Page 327
IN DEPTH: ABORTION AND PUBLIC OPINION……Page 329
THE LEGAL STRUGGLE……Page 330
PERSONS AND RIGHTS……Page 331
IN DEPTH: DOES A FETUS FEEL PAIN?……Page 334
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 336
SUMMARY……Page 337
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Nancy Klein……Page 338
FURTHER READING……Page 341
NOTES……Page 342
A Defense of Abortion JUDITH JARVIS THOMSON……Page 343
Why Abortion Is Immoral: DON MARQUIS……Page 353
An Almost Absolute Value in History: JOHN T. NOONAN, JR…….Page 365
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion: MARY ANNE WARREN……Page 369
Virtue Theory and Abortion: ROSALIND HURSTHOUSE……Page 380
Abortion and the Concept of a Person: JANE ENGLISH……Page 394
Abortion: MARGARET OLIVIA LITTLE……Page 400
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens: SUSAN SHERWIN……Page 405
Roe v. Wade: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT……Page 414
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT……Page 419
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION……Page 426
Fact File Assisted Reproduction……Page 427
SURROGACY……Page 432
IN DEPTH: IVF AND CHILDREN’S FUTURE CHILDREN……Page 433
CLONING……Page 434
IN DEPTH: CLONING TIME LINE……Page 437
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 438
IN DEPTH: SHERRI SHEPHERD: HOW SURROGACY CAN GO WRONG……Page 439
SUMMARY……Page 440
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Baby M……Page 441
Cases for Evaluation: CASE 1: The Fate of Frozen Embryos……Page 442
FURTHER READING……Page 444
NOTES……Page 445
IVF: The Simple Case: PETER SINGER……Page 446
IVF and Women’s Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns: MARY ANNE WARREN……Page 450
“Give Me Children or I Shall Die!” New Reproductive Technologies and Harm to Children : CYNTHIA B. COHEN……Page 462
Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH……Page 473
The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty: JOHN A. ROBERTSON……Page 483
Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?: LAURA M. PURDY……Page 490
Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?: ELIZABETH S. ANDERSON……Page 500
Egg Donation and Commodification: BONNIE STEINBOCK……Page 512
The Wisdom of Repugnance: LEON R. KASS……Page 521
Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con: DAN W. BROCK……Page 537
Opinion in the Matter of Baby M: NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT……Page 548
GENES AND GENOMES……Page 556
GENETIC TESTING……Page 557
IN DEPTH: DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER GENETIC TESTS……Page 560
GENE THERAPY……Page 564
Fact File Available Genetic Tests for Cancer Risk……Page 565
Fact File Recent Research in Gene Therapy……Page 568
STEM CELLS……Page 569
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 571
SUMMARY……Page 573
FURTHER READING……Page 576
Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life: LEON R. KASS……Page 577
Genetics and Reproductive Risk:Can Having Children Be Immoral?: LAURA M. PURDY……Page 581
The Morality of Screening for Disability: JEFF MCMAHAN……Page 588
Genetic Dilemmas and the Child’s Right to an Open Future: DENA S. DAVIS……Page 592
Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing: ROBERT WACHBROIT……Page 602
The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms—The Case of Wrongful Handicaps: DAN W. BROCK……Page 606
Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?: JOHN HARRIS……Page 610
Genetic Enhancement: WALTER GLANNON……Page 616
Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings: JULIAN SAVULESCU……Page 621
Germ-Line Gene Therapy: LEROY WALTERS AND JULIE GAGE PALMER……Page 630
What Does “Respect for Embryos” Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?: BONNIE STEINBOCK……Page 637
Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells: PONTIFICAL ACADEMY FOR LIFE……Page 640
CHAPTER 10: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide……Page 642
DECIDING LIFE AND DEATH……Page 643
LEGAL BRIEF: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments……Page 645
IN DEPTH: EUTHANASIA AND PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE: WHAT DO DOCTORS THINK?……Page 646
AUTONOMY, MERCY, AND HARM……Page 647
IN DEPTH: OREGON’S DEATH WITH DIGNITY ACT……Page 649
APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES……Page 651
IN DEPTH: PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE AND PUBLIC OPINION……Page 652
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Nancy Cruzan……Page 653
SUMMARY……Page 654
Cases for Evaluation:CASE 1……Page 655
FURTHER READING……Page 657
NOTES……Page 658
Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making: TIMOTHY E. QUILL……Page 659
Voluntary Active Euthanasia: DAN W. BROCK……Page 663
When Self-Determination Runs Amok: DANIEL CALLAHAN……Page 675
Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Tragic View: JOHN D. ARRAS……Page 680
Active and Passive Euthanasia: JAMES RACHELS……Page 695
Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)Assisted Suicide: JOHN HARDWIG……Page 699
The Philosophers’ Brief: RONALD DWORKIN, THOMAS NAGEL, ROBERT NOZICK, JOHN RAWLS, THOMAS SCANLON, AND JUDITH JARVIS THOMSON……Page 710
An Alternative to Brain Death: JEFF McMAHAN……Page 718
Vacco v. Quill: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT……Page 724
Washington v. Glucksberg: UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT……Page 727
Part 4: Justice and Health Care……Page 734
HEALTH CARE IN TROUBLE……Page 736
IN DEPTH: UNEQUAL HEALTH CARE FOR MINORITIES……Page 738
Fact File U.S. Health Care……Page 739
THEORIES OF JUSTICE……Page 740
IN DEPTH: PUBLIC OPINION: OBTAINING ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE……Page 741
A RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE……Page 742
THE ETHICS OF RATIONING……Page 744
CLASSIC CASE FILE: Christine deMeurers……Page 747
SUMMARY……Page 748
NOTES……Page 752
Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?: NORMAN DANIELS……Page 753
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care: ALLEN E. BUCHANAN……Page 760
Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude: H. TRISTRAM ENGELHARDT, JR…….Page 766
Health Care Reform: Lessons from Canada: RAISA BERLIN DEBER……Page 774
The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy: NICHOLAS RESCHER……Page 782
QALYfying the Value of Life: JOHN HARRIS……Page 791
Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain: JAMES F. CHILDRESS, RUTH R. FADEN, RUTH D. GAARE, LAWRENCE O. GOSTIN, JEFFREY KAHN, RICHARD J. BONNIE, NANCY E. KASS, ANNA C. MASTROIANNI, JONATHAN D. MORENO, AND PHILLIP NIEBURG……Page 799
Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy: D. TARANTOLA AND S. GRUSKIN……Page 810
APPENDIX: Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises……Page 822
GLOSSARY……Page 824
INDEX……Page 826